5 Simple Things Tech Leaders Should Do In 2022 To Advance Gender Equality
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The Association for Computing Machinery, the world’s largest and most prestigious society of computing professionals, has named Tanzeem Choudhury, Robert D. Kleinberg, and Steve Marschner 2021 ACM Fellows. The trio join 29 previous Cornell Ann S. Bowers College of Computing and Information Science ACM Fellows.
The ACM Fellows program recognizes the top 1 percent of members for their outstanding accomplishments in computing and information technology and/or outstanding service to ACM and the larger computing community.
This year, ACM named 71 members Fellows for wide-ranging and fundamental contributions in areas including algorithms, computer science education, cryptography, data security and privacy, medical informatics, and mobile and networked systems ─ among many other areas. Fellows are nominated by their peers, with nominations reviewed by a distinguished selection committee.
“Computing professionals have brought about leapfrog advances in how we live, work, and play,” said ACM President Gabriele Kotsis in a press release. “The ACM Fellows program honors the creativity and hard work of ACM members whose specific accomplishments make broader advances possible.”
The Fellows induction ceremony will take place at the ACM Awards Banquet in June 2022. Additional information about the 2021 ACM Fellows, as well as previously named ACM Fellows, is available through the ACM Fellows website.
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Rafael Pass, Professor of Computer Science at Cornell Tech, and coauthor Yanyi Liu, recently won the NSA’s Best Cybersecurity Research Paper competition for their paper “On One-way Functions and Kolmogorov Complexity.” The award is presented annually to researchers whose papers show “an outstanding contribution to cybersecurity science,” with the goal of encouraging the development of the scientific foundations of cybersecurity.
The paper addresses an important question in the world of cryptography: Does an unbreakable code exist? The paper advances a theorem that relates the existence of one-way functions (OWF) to the problem of computing “Time-bounded Kolmogorov Complexity”, which is a way to measure the complexity of a string of text.
One-way functions (OWFs) are a key underpinning in many modern cryptography systems, and were first proposed in 1976 by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman. These functions can be efficiently computed but are difficult to reverse, as determining the input based on the output is computationally expensive. OWFs are vital components of modern symmetric encryptions, digital signatures, authentication schemes and more. Until now, it has been assumed that OWF functions exist even though research shows that they are both necessary and sufficient for much of the security provided by cryptography. The theorem in the winning paper shows that whether OWF exist can be distilled down to a single problem that dates back to the 1960s: whether we can efficiently compute time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity for random strings.
The paper was originally presented at the 2020 IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS). More on the paper can be read here and on the NSA site.
See also coverage of another collaboration between Pass and doctoral candidate Liu, “On the Possibility of Basing Cryptography on EXP ≠ BPP,” which won a Best Paper award at CRYPTO ’21.
The research was funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, and was based on research funded by the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity in the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.
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Machine learning (ML) is an industry that’s growing at a rapid pace. A branch of artificial intelligence (AI), ML’s focus is on using algorithms and data to simulate how humans learn and behave. Its accuracy is continuously improving over time and the size of the industry is expected to increase 38 percent by the end of 2024.
However, it was human (and not artificial) intelligence that led Isha Gandhi to join the ML team at Splunk — a data-monitoring software company that has partnered with 92 of the Fortune 100 companies on their ML projects and other technology challenges.
As a teenager, Gandhi wanted to be a professional tennis player — but developed an interest in mechanical engineering in the hopes of becoming a product designer.
I found mechanical engineering to be a very tangible application of math and science.”
Working in the automotive industry exposed her to the world of AI. She was a project manager on the digital transformation team, where she worked on proof of concepts for technologies to improve production and supply chain efficiency. For example, computer vision and deep learning can be used to detect defects in car components on the assembly line.
Over time, she was drawn to the idea that technology can be used to solve human challenges.
When Gandhi entered Cornell Tech, she realized that she needed to complement her interest in product management with a deeper understanding of the technology industry and the specific skills needed within that realm.
She was drawn to product management because it entails thinking critically to understand consumer needs and then translating those needs into action. She loved the fact that product management entails engineering, marketing, design, and even law. While studying, she took technical courses like Applied ML and participated in Startup Studio, and the skills she gained there not only helped her round out her product management expertise but also gave her the confidence to “conceptualize ML features at Splunk.” Her strengthened insights and belief in her own abilities enabled her to collaborate with data scientists and ML engineers post-graduation.
Currently working as a product manager for Splunk’s ML team, Gandhi helps drive strategy and builds ML-based services for Splunk’s product portfolio. Working very closely with product teams, she collaborates with her colleagues to define solutions and deliver features and functionality. Driving the product life-cycle requires conducting market research, analyzing telemetry and metrics, defining success criteria, consolidating specifications, and writing product requirements documents (PRDs).
Though my day-to-day role consists of a lot of writing, the cool part is actually having the opportunity to craft and paint a product vision behind it all.”
Relatively new to the job, Gandhi credits her internship at Splunk, along with her academic training, in shaping her career. During the internship, she was responsible for a series of competitive and market assessments and had an opportunity to recommend ML use cases for Splunk’s products. Some of her ideas from this internship eventually found their way into product roadmaps as key differentiators.
“We can already identify and appreciate how drastically data and ML are changing the world,” said Gandhi, referencing the continued impact data will have on society in the future. “It will pave the way for innovations across industries!”
She points out, however, that ML doesn’t come without ethical risks. She believes she has a responsibility to factor in the human impact of ML on making key business decisions, and she is committed to encouraging and backing initiatives with positive societal impact.
Gandhi is discovering that she can “have it all, but not at once.” She now believes that development takes time, and things change — a lot. She counsels other professionals starting out in their careers to set near-term goals for themselves so they can constantly learn.
Outrunning yourself will not only kill the enjoyment of learning but may lead to tunnel vision, preventing you from identifying golden opportunities and paths that suit your skills.”
Some skills that she’s fine-tuned along her own path are interpersonal communication, the ability to balance engineering techniques and business goals, and the ability to think on her feet, set priorities, and multi-task when needed. Machines may change our future, but human and genuine advice like Gandhi’s can shape careers.
Whether you’re using the same old phone, or you received a new smartphone as a holiday gift, the last thing you want to do is put yourself — and your personal information — at risk. Vitaly Shmatikov, professor of computer science in the Cornell Ann S. Bowers College of Computing and Information Science and at Cornell Tech, offers four tips to consider for smartphone app security as we head into the New Year.
Make note of where apps are from
Shmatikov cautions that you should only download apps from a legitimate app store, like Google Play or the Apple App Store. App stores have systems of vetting apps for ransomware — designed to access your files and hold them hostage for a ransom payment — and viruses that make it very unlikely, though not impossible, that they will be unsafe to download.
Permissions are a slippery slope
When you grant data permissions, you’re not giving your information to just that app. “You’re giving it to every advertising service that lives in the ‘ad libraries’ that that app uses,” Shmatikov says. Since there are typically dozens of ad libraries to whom any given app sells a user’s data, it’s important to be judicious in how many apps you use and give permissions to.
Don’t share your location unless you have to
Be especially careful in terms of sharing your location with apps. Shmatikov says he only does so for map apps, and is particularly skeptical about weather apps — which are notorious for being packed with ad libraries. “Once an app can track your location over time, they can basically figure out where you live, where you work, where you shop and a lot of other things about you,” he says.
Upgrade your software
…and do so immediately. Shmatikov notes that hackers often take advantage of unpatched vulnerabilities in old versions of operating systems, and even in some newer ones.
The research-sharing platform arXiv.org now hosts more than 2 million articles.
arXiv, stewarded by Cornell Tech, is a free resource for scholars around the world in fields including physics, math and computer science, who use the service to share their own cutting-edge research and read work submitted by others.
“These 2 million submissions represent 2 million opportunities for humanity to push forward the frontiers of our understanding,” said Tara Holm, professor of mathematics in the College of Arts and Sciences and arXiv advisory board member. “As we celebrate this achievement, we must also continue the drive to make our disciplines and our research more accessible to researchers and the public around the world.”
Founded three decades ago, arXiv pioneered the open access movement, providing a fast, free, digital service to share research results. This value became critically apparent in 2020 as the pandemic made the speed of research a matter of life and death. arXiv now hosts more than 5,400 submissions related to COVID-19.
Today, up to 1,200 new submissions in eight major subject areas are received daily, in addition to as many as 1,000 revisions and other updates. Four staff members, 196 volunteer moderators around the world, and automated systems screen and curate the submissions, which are not peer reviewed.
The research, ranging from mathematical models of COVID spread to planetary astrophysics to machine learning, is submitted by graduate students and Nobel Prize winners alike.
“If I ask the question, ‘Are all or most of your papers on arXiv?’ to a mathematician in my field, they would look at me in disbelief and say, ‘Of course all of my papers are on arXiv.’” Holm said. “arXiv has transformed mathematics. It makes current research available to students and researchers across the globe. arXiv has become the lifeblood of mathematics research.”
arXiv founder Paul Ginsparg, professor of physics (A&S) and information science (Cornell Ann S. Bowers College of Computing and Information Science), credits much of arXiv’s success to the no-frills design of the website, and notes that the service has served as a model for others, such as bioRxiv, operated by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
“It’s always gratifying to hear from a new generation of researchers that arXiv continues to have a profound effect on their daily research activities,” Ginsparg said. “It took 23-and-a-half years to get 1 million submissions, seven more years to get to 2 million submissions, and perhaps will be another four and a half years to get to 3 million.”
arXiv is supported by its global research community. Major funding is supplied by the Simons Foundation, in addition to contributions from donors and 243 libraries, universities, research organizations and professional societies.
Alison Fromme is arXiv’s community engagement coordinator.
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